![]() ![]() Recently, several papers have performed RNA-seq to determine lncRNAs expression in human hearts. Most lncRNAs lack sequence conservation among species, which renders the extension of the findings derived from murine models to humans problematic. 17, 18 However, in contrast to the growing knowledge of lncRNAs in mouse models, less is known about their roles in human heart. 15, 16 Moreover, overexpression/knockdown of specific lncRNAs significantly affected the outcomes of cardiac hypertrophy in mouse. Recent studies have identified many aberrantly expressed lncRNAs in CHF models. LncRNAs play key roles in diverse physiological (X-chromosome inactivation, 11 embryonic development, 12 etc.), and pathological processes (such as cancer, 13 metabolic disorders, 14 etc.). Biochemically, lncRNAs employ RNA–RNA, RNA–DNA, or RNA–protein interactions to exert their activities. 9 LncRNAs regulate specific gene expression by targeting production, splicing, decay, or translation of target mRNAs. 8 A fascinating aspect of lncRNAs is their versatility. 7 Studies have suggested that lncRNAs participate in diverse cellular processes ranging from chromatin modification and RNA stability to translational control. 7 LncRNAs are conventionally described as transcripts which are over 200 nucleotides long, lacking protein coding potential. 6 However, mammalian genomes are comprised of not only a small fraction of miRNAs, but also a large number of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Recently, it has been suggested that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in CHF initiation and progression at the posttranscriptional level. 4 Therefore, research focussed on novel mechanics and pharmacologic therapies for DCM is urgently needed. 1 In contrast to the therapeutic developments in cardiac revascularization therapy for ischaemic cardiomyopathy, conceptual novel clinical approaches to treat DCM remain scarce. 3 The aetiology of CHF has been categorized into ischaemic or non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, e.g. 2 The lifetime risk for developing CHF has been estimated to range from 20 to 33% worldwide, and approximately half of the patients diagnosed with CHF will die within 5 years, despite all the advances in therapies. ![]() 1 It is a leading cause of death in industrialized nations, especially in the aging population. IntroductionĬhronic heart failure (CHF) is a complex clinical syndrome that results from various structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood. ![]()
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